The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700
by
Ronald Hutton, My Review;
Charting the progress from the communal year and it's festivals both sacred and secular towards a more centralised control and ensuing decline of festival times, holy days, rituals and revels.
The Protestant Reformation and its austere Puritanism is clearly the
largest single cause which drew to a close earlier 'Papist' traditions of
the Catholic imbued culture that had supported spiritual ritual and
secular pagentry for hundreds of years.
Lammas Festival - John Barleycorn
To set the context, the English Reformation under Henry VIII had broken the Church of England from the authority of the Pope and Roman Catholic Church. From 1553, under the reign of Henry's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary I, Henry's Reformation legislation was repealed and Mary sought to achieve the reunion with Rome. Following Mary's childless death, her half-sister Elizabeth inherited the throne. As Elizabeth could not be Catholic, that church considered her illegitimate, communion with the Catholic Church was again severed by Elizabeth.
Elizabeth's reign saw the emergence of Puritanism, which encompassed those Protestants who felt that the church had been but insuficciently reformed. Puritanism ranged from hostility to the content of the Prayer Book and "popish" ceremony, to a desire for church governance and inded for society at large to be radically reformed.
The English Civil War broke out less than fifty years after the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603. The civil war was far from just a conflict between two religious faiths, it had much more to do with divisions within the one Protestant religion. The austere, fundamentalist Puritanism on the one side was opposed to what it saw as the crypto-Catholic decadence of the Anglican church on the other. Divisions also formed along the lines of the common people and the gentry, and between the country and city dwellers.
In this politically charged and religiously swaying environment, alternately pushing an oppresive new religious austerity or inclusively reinstalling the traditional milieu of sacred and secular traditions of British life, the festive, communal culture and its traditions waned and dwindled. Each fresh onslaught of punitive policy and legal measures gradually depleted the social enthusiasm which had bound the culture together in earlier times.
Charles Landseer - Cromwell Battle of Naseby
Among the church rituals and communal activities considered
innapropriate by the changing authorities, was the ornamentation of
churches with garlands at festival times such as holy and ivy at
christmas, the lighting of candles below icons, boy bishops and their
processions, church ales which collected money for the church rituals,
rogation or blessing of fields at spring, appointment of lords of
misrule to preside over festivities, morris dancers, musicians and
dancing at may poles.
The pulpit, with pew-end candle stands wound with holly and ivy.
The Ancient Custom of Blessing the Fields on Rogation Sunday at Hever, Kent
CHIPPING CAMDEN MORRIS MEN - 1896
A chimney sweeps' Jack in the Green dances with the "Lord and Lady of the May
The earlier potent mixture of rituals and revels, pagentry, music and
costumes, wholesome earthy fun and good humour which had been accepted
as such by the long interwoven traditions of populace with Catholic
church, was uprooted and destroyed by the ardent and extreemly keen
Protestants to such an extent that various of the ensuing Crowns sought
to ammeliorate on behalf of the people and their traditions but with
little success.
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Village fair by Flemish artist Gillis Mostaert 1590
The time afforded such holy days and
communal activities had also afforded an ocassion to gather in dissorder
and this sometimes developed into protests against government
restrictions and taxations.
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The jester-like fellow leading the celebrants is the Lord of Misrule.
The decline continued under the fervant Protestant
condemnation of such frivolities and lewdness as dancing, singing and
even laughing - quelle horror! Protestant authors and clergy persued
their 'souless' and mirtless New World Order replacing a sacral Catholic
yearly cycle with secular and anti Catholic new Protestant celebrations
such as of Nov 5th (Guy Fawkes night), and Royal birthdays/Accessions
etc. The dissolution continued under the rising agrarian capitalism and
nascent industrialism.
The first
commercially viable steam engines were designed by the Scottish inventor
James Watt and manufactured at the Soho Foundry near Birmingham in the
late 18th century
Highly recommended reading for any who are interested in the cultural
connections between the 'old religion' (which actually meant the all
embracing 'magical Catholicism' of early medieval England - and amongst
these traditions were many pre Christian survivors ) and the Protestant
modified puritanical exegesis and transformation of a formerly Merry
England into a more dour, serious, self effacing, God fearing nation,
under the varying vagaries of the Parlaiment and it's often relentless
officers.
It may be hard for us now to imagine the full extent of a medieval and earlier pagentry imbued Britain, alternately revelling and worshiping its way through the sacred year, with churches drawing on hundreds of years of iconography decoration to embellish and add impact to the many sacred days and rituals which were widely observed. Town and merchant guilds hosting processions of costumed and robed actors, with giants, dragons and unicorns represented in huge models animated by their wearers.
Chester Midsummer Watch Parade co Mark Carline
The Burry Man, Queensferry co Simon Costin
Oak Apple Day!
Individuals taking part in group as well as singular traditions from the milk maids dances and green men in spring (the chimney sweeps as it happens) to finding (or capturing) a maypole for dancing, to say nothing of seasonal feasts provided by local landowners and gentry for their tenants and neighbours. I offer for comparison the more widely known religious traditions of Tibet as they until recently held communal religious and social activities which comprised thousands at a gathering, with elaborate ritualised dramas and with embroderies as large as hills, with weeks long events of one sort or another. Similar in commitment if not form were many among the earlier traditions of Merry England.
A modern, neo-pagan celebration in Hampshire.
nb book priced at ₤50 pprbk is doubtless worth it for the extensive
research alone, but I got my copy well thumbed from a second hand book
dealer.
